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Is it possible to know that $\frac{\partial}{\partial y} \int_{-\infty}^{g(y)} f(x) dx = f(g(y))\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial y}g(y)$ without computing the $- \infty$ part explicitly?

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    No unless you know that f is $0$ at $x\to -\infty$.2017-02-25

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I presume that we are looking at $f$ continuous?

$f$ does not have to go to zero at $-\infty$ but you need to know that $$ F(t)= \lim_{R\rightarrow +\infty} \int_{-R}^t f(x)\; dx $$ exists for some $t$. It is then automatically $C^1$ in all $t\in {\Bbb R}$. And you are simply calculating the derivative of the composed function $F(g(y))$.