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I'm looking for the name of an operation that removes all powers of 10 from a number. For example if x=25673 then {x}=2.5673, or if y=0.0354 then {y}=3.54. Is there a name for this?

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    Scientific notation? Not sure it has a name. Not sure it needs one.2017-02-02

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The closest thing I can think of that has a specific name is "to write $x$ in standard form", which means to do what you want, but in addition correct what we have done by multiplying with the correct power of $10$. For instance, if we write $25673$ in standard form, we get $2.5673\cdot 10^4$.

That being said, the formula for your operation isn't too difficult: $$ \{x\}=x\cdot 10^{-\lfloor \log x\rfloor} $$ where $\lfloor{}\cdot{}\rfloor$ is the floor function, and the logarithm is base ten.