0
$\begingroup$

Let $p_1, p_2, . . . , p_m$ be positive real numbers such that $\sum_{1}^{m} p_i = 1$. For $f_1, f_2, ..., f_m \in {L}^1 (\mu)$ prove that $f_1 \cdots f_m \in {L}^1(\mu)$ and $\int_X (f_{1} ^{p_1} \cdots f_{m} ^{p_m})d\mu \leq ||f_1||_{1} ^{p_1} \cdots ||f_m||_1 ^{p_{m}}$. Where $||f_i||_1 = \int_X |f_i|d\mu$

I answered the first part (to show that belong to ${L}^1(\mu)$).

In second part i thought using the following theorem to handle the exponents, but i don't know how. (Real and complex analysis, Walter Rudin, 1970, pg 62)

''Let $p$ and $q$ such that $\dfrac{1}{p} + \dfrac{1}{q} = 1$, $1 \leq p \leq \infty$. Let $X$ be a measure space, with measure $\mu$. Let $f$ and $g$ be measurable functions on $X$, with in $[0, +\infty]$. Then $\displaystyle\int_X fg d\mu \leq (\int_X f^p d\mu)^{\dfrac{1}{p}} (\int_X g^q d\mu)^{\dfrac{1}{q}}$'' Any hint?

1 Answers 1

1

Let $n$ be $m$. It's a consequence of Generalized Hölder inequality: if $f_i \in L^{p_i}$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$, where $p_i \in (1 , \infty)$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$ and $\sum_{i = 1}^n \frac{1}{p_i} = 1$, then $f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \in L^1$ and $$ {\|f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n\|}_1 \leq {\|f_1\|}_{p_1} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\|f_n\|}_{p_n}\mbox{.} $$ The proof can do also for $p_i \in [1 , + \infty]$, $i = 1 , \ldots , n$, but here we suppose that $1 \neq p_i \neq + \infty$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$.

Proof. We do that first supposing that $f_i$ is nonnegative for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$. Let us reason by induction: si $n = 2$, the inequality is true by Hölder inequality. So we suppose the hypothesis is true for $n \in \mathbb{N}$, with $n > 2$, and let's show it for $n + 1$. Let $f_{n + 1} : X \to \mathbb{R}$ be a measurable nonnegative function and let ${\{q_i\}}_{i = 1}^{n + 1}$ be a finite sequence of real numbers, with $q_i \in (1 , \infty)$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n , n + 1$, such that $\sum_{i = 1}^{n + 1} \frac{1}{q_i} = 1$. We consider $\tilde{f_n} = f_n f_{n + 1}$ and $\tilde{q_n} = \frac{q_n q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}}$, because of this $$ \frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}} = \frac{1}{\frac{q_n q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}}} = \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_n q_{n + 1}} = \frac{q_n}{q_n q_{n + 1}} + \frac{q_{n + 1}}{q_n q_{n + 1}} = \frac{1}{q_{n + 1}} + \frac{1}{q_n} = \frac{1}{q_n} + \frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}\mbox{.} $$ So it's clair that $\tilde{f_n}$ is a measurable nonnegative function and $\tilde{q_n} \in (1 , \infty)$ because, how we have supposed that exists $j \in \{1 , \ldots , n - 1\}$ such that $q_j \neq 0$, $$ \frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}} = \frac{1}{q_n} + \frac{1}{q_{n + 1}} = 1 - \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1} \frac{1}{q_i} < 1 \Longleftrightarrow \tilde{q_n} > 1\mbox{.} $$ Then, using induction hypothesis, $$ \int_X (f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n f_{n + 1}) d \mu = \int_X (f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n - 1} \tilde{f_n}) d \mu \leq $$ $$ \leq {\left(\int_X f_1^{q_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X f_{n - 1}^{q_{n - 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n - 1}}} {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}}\mbox{,} $$ that is to say \begin{equation} \int_X (f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n f_{n + 1}) d \mu \leq {\left(\int_X f_1^{q_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X f_{n - 1}^{q_{n - 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n - 1}}} {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}}\mbox{.} \tag{1} \end{equation} If we prove that $$ {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}} \leq {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_n}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}}\mbox{,} $$ we will have finished the proof. We consider $q_n^* = \frac{q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}}$. It's clair, becasue $q_n , q_{n + 1} > 1$, that $q_n^* \in (0 , 1)$. We consider $p = \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_{n + 1}}$. Then $p = \frac{1}{q_n^*} \in (1 , \infty)$ and his conjugated exponent is $p' = \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_n}$; in fact, $$ \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{p'} = \frac{q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} + \frac{q_n}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} = \frac{q_{n + 1} + q_n}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} = \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} = 1\mbox{.} $$ How $\tilde{q_n} \in (1 , \infty)$ and $f_n$ and $f_{n + 1}$ are measurables and nonnegatives, then $f_n^{\tilde{q_n}}$ and $f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n}}$ are measurables and nonnegatives also and, using Hölder inequality for nonnegative functions, $$ \int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu = \int_X {(f_n f_{n + 1})}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu = \int_X f_n^{\tilde{q_n}} f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu \leq $$ $$ \leq {\left(\int_X {(f_n^{\tilde{q_n}})}^p d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X {(f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n}})}^{p'} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}} = {\left(\int_X f_n^{\tilde{q_n} p} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n} p'} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}}\mbox{,} $$ that is to say \begin{equation} \int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu \leq {\left(\int_X f_n^{\tilde{q_n} p} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n} p'} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}}\mbox{.} \tag{2} \end{equation} On the one hand \begin{equation} \tilde{q_n} p = \frac{q_n q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_{n + 1}} = \frac{q_n q_{n + 1} (q_n + q_{n + 1})}{q_{n + 1} (q_n + q_{n + 1})} = q_n\mbox{.} \tag{3} \end{equation} On the other hand, \begin{equation} \tilde{q_n} p' = \frac{q_n q_{n + 1}}{q_n + q_{n + 1}} \frac{q_n + q_{n + 1}}{q_n} = \frac{q_n q_{n + 1} (q_n + q_{n + 1})}{q_n (q_n + q_{n + 1})} = q_{n + 1}\mbox{.} \tag{4} \end{equation} \indent Then, uniting $(2)$, $(3)$ and $(4)$, $$ \int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu \leq {\left(\int_X f_n^{\tilde{q_n} p} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{\tilde{q_n} p'} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}} = {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}} $$ and, composing with $t \mapsto t^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}}$ (it's growing on $[0 , \infty)$), we obtain, using again $(3)$ and $(4)$, $$ {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}} \leq {\left({\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p'}}\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}} = {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p \tilde{q_n}}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p' \tilde{q_n}}} = $$ $$ = {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n} p}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n} p'}} = {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_n}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}}\mbox{,} $$ that is to say \begin{equation} {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}} \leq {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_n}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}}\mbox{.} \tag{5} \end{equation} \indent Definitely, uniting $(1)$ and $(5)$, $$ \int_X (f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n f_{n + 1}) d \mu \leq {\left(\int_X f_1^{q_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X f_{n - 1}^{q_{n - 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n - 1}}} {\left(\int_X \tilde{f_n}^{\tilde{q_n}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{\tilde{q_n}}} \leq $$ $$ \leq {\left(\int_X f_1^{q_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X f_{n - 1}^{q_{n - 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n - 1}}} {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_n}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}}\mbox{,} $$ that is to say $$ \int_X (f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n f_{n + 1}) d \mu \leq {\left(\int_X f_1^{q_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X f_n^{q_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_n}} {\left(\int_X f_{n + 1}^{q_{n + 1}} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{q_{n + 1}}}\mbox{.} $$


Let's suppose now that $f_i \in L^{p_i}$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$. Then $$ \int_X {|f_i|}^{p_i} d \mu < \infty \Longleftrightarrow {\left(\int_X {|f_i|}^{p_i} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p_i}} < \infty \Longleftrightarrow {\|f_i\|}_{p_i} < \infty $$ for all $i = 1 , \ldots , n$, so $$ {\|f_1\|}_{p_1} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\|f_n\|}_{p_n} < \infty\mbox{,} $$ because of this, using Generalized Hölder inequality for nonnegative functions, $$ {\|f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n\|}_1 = \int_X |f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n| d \mu = \int_X (|f_1| \cdot \ldots \cdot |f_n|) d \mu \leq $$ $$ \leq {\left(\int_X {|f_1|}^{p_1} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p_1}} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\left(\int_X {|f_n|}^{p_n} d \mu\right)}^{\frac{1}{p_n}} = {\|f_1\|}_{p_1} \cdot \ldots \cdot {\|f_n\|}_{p_n} < \infty $$ and, in particular, $$ \int_X |f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n| d \mu < \infty \Longleftrightarrow f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \in L^1\mbox{.} $$