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For $z \in \mathbb{C}$ consider the sequence $z, z^z, z^{z^z} ... ,$ that is, the iterated exponential with base $z$. If $z$ belongs to the Shell-Thron region the iterated exponential will converge. The boundary of the Shell-Thron region is given by the parametric equations

$ x = \Re(\exp(\exp(it-e^{it})))$

$y =\Im(\exp(\exp(it-e^{it})))$

for $t \in \mathbb{R}.$ I am interested in its image under the natural log, that is, the parametric curve

$ x = \Re(\exp(it-e^{it}))$

$y =\Im(\exp(it-e^{it}))$

I graphed this curve on my calculator and it appears to be a cardioid. Now $\exp(it-e^{it})) = \cos(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t} + i\sin(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t}$. My idea was to use the double angle formula (or another trig identity) to find an $a \in \mathbb{R}$ and a function $s = f(t)$ such that

$a(2\cos s - \cos 2s) = \cos(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t}$

$a(2\sin s - \sin 2s) = \sin(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t}$

but I can't seem to get anywhere.

Edit: I would like to see a proof that the equations

$ x = \Re(\exp(it-e^{it}))$

$y =\Im(\exp(it-e^{it}))$

cannot and do not represent a cardioid. What I mean is a result along the lines of:

It is impossible to find an $a \in \mathbb{R}$ and a function $s = f(t)$ such that

$a(2\cos s - \cos 2s) = \cos(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t}$

$a(2\sin s - \sin 2s) = \sin(\sin t - t)e^{-\cos t}$

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    Well...it's not really a cardioid...but some similar shape.2017-01-28
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    @SimplyBeautifulArt Did you graph it?2017-01-28
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    Yeah, and I'm pretty sure it's not an exact cardioid. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cardioid.html2017-01-28
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    @SimplyBeautifulArt Please elaborate2017-01-28
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    Simply put, it is not a cardioid due to the $e^{-\cos t}$2017-01-28
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    Please look at [this](http://tetration.org/Fractals/PPEM/PPEMPER1.gif). The equations represent the boundary of the red area, and again I'm fairly certain it is a cardioid.2017-01-28
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    As the answer below says, just because it **looks** like a cardioid does not mean it is one. It is, indeed, off by a bit.2017-01-28
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    @SimplyBeautifulArt Where **exactly** is it "off by a bit"2017-01-28
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    At the $e^{-\cos(t)}$ part. It does not have a large effect since it is bounded, but it has an effect.2017-01-28
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    See http://www.tetration.org/Fractals/Projective/index.html for an overview.2017-01-29

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Here is a graph. Looks like a cardioid ... but this doesn't prove that it is a cardioid ...

enter image description here