Ordinarily, modesty forbids naming an equation, principle, or theorem after
one's self. If others read the paper and decide it contains something new and
interesting or useful, they may reference the item as "due to Smith (2017)."
After several respected authors have referenced the paper, people may
find it convenient to refer the Smith Equation, Smith Theorem, or whatever.
However, this traditional mechanism of naming ideas after specific people
does not by any means guarantee that the name that eventually associated
with an idea is the name of its actual discoverer. A list of
'improperly-credited' ideas would be quite long, and there would probably
be controversy about most of the items on the list. So I will give just a couple
of examples that are more or less uncontroversial.
One famous example in statistics is "Student's t Distribution", which attracted considerable interest after publication in a 1908 paper by W.S. Gosset, published in an English journal under the pseudonym 'A Student' because of restrictions set by Gosset's employer. But (according to the account in Wikipedia)
the distribution had been published a couple of times by others before 1908.
There seems to be solid evidence that "Pascal's Triangle" (an array of
binomial coefficients) occurred in Chinese manuscripts (for unknown purposes)
several hundred years before Pascal, and there are also pre-Pascal references
to it from India, the middle-east, and Europe. (Also see Wikipedia.)