Let $k I started by showing that $v_{1},v_{2},...,v_{k}$ are eigenvectors of $A$:
Take $v_{i} \in \lbrace v_{1},v_{2},...,v_{k} \rbrace$. Then $A v_{i}= \lambda_{1} v_{1} v_{1}^{T} v_{i} +...+ \lambda_{i} v_{i} v_{i}^{T} v_{i} +...+ \lambda_{k} v_{k} v_{k}^{T} v_{i}= \lambda_{1} v_{1} \langle v_{1},v_{i} \rangle +...+ \lambda_{i} v_{i} \langle v_{i}, v_{i} \rangle +...+ \lambda_{k} v_{k} \langle v_{k}, v_{i} \rangle = \lambda_{i} v_{i} \langle v_{i}, v_{i} \rangle = \lambda_{i} \Vert v_{i} \Vert^{2} v_{i}$.
This is true because $v_{i}$ is orthogonal with all the other vectors $\lbrace v_{1},...,v_{i-1},v_{i+1},...,v_{k} \rbrace$. I then showed that $dim(E_{0}) \geq n-k$: Take $v \in \lbrace v_{1},...,v_{k} \rbrace^{\perp}$. Then $Av=\lambda_{1} v_{1} v_{1}^{T}v +...+ \lambda_{k}v_{k}v_{k}^{T}v=\lambda_{1}v_{1} \langle v_{1},v \rangle +...+\lambda_{k}v_{k} \langle v_{k},v \rangle=0=0v$. Thus all vectors in $vct \{ v_{1},...,v_{k} \}^{\perp}$ have eigenvalue 0. Thus $vct \{ v_{1},...,v_{k} \}^{\perp} \subset E_{0}$, which means that $n-k \leq dim(E_{0})$. Could someone tell me how to go on from here?
Proof of diagonalizing
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linear-algebra
vector-spaces
eigenvalues-eigenvectors
diagonalization
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2You don't need the last part. Just complete the $v_1,...,v_k$ system to an orthogonal basis by finding orthogonal $v_{k+1},...,v_{n}$ in $\langle v_1,...,v_k\rangle^\bot$. This would be the basis of eigenvectors of $A$. – 2017-01-25
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0Oh okay that seems pretty logical. Thanks! – 2017-01-25