Intuitively, as $x $ grows much larger the function goes to $\infty $; as $x $ gets "very" negative, the function goes to $-\infty $. All it takes is to try and measure that "very large $x $" and that "'very' negative $x $". One can do that by differentiating and finding the points from which the derivative will always be positive, if you increase $x $ or if you decrease $x $. Call them $a, b $ with $b > a $.
If that polynomial were to be negative at $a $, then it is negative to the left of $a $. Similarly for being positive to the right of $b $. If the polynomial does not have the sign you wish, just stretch the bounds a bit. For example, if your polynomial is positive at $a $, try at $a - 1$ or $a - 10$ or something you feel that will do. Call $a'$ to the point with $a' \leq a $ for which the polynomial is always negative to its left. Call $b' \geq b $ to the point for which the polynomial is always positive to its right. Then $[a', b'] $ is a closed interval containing all roots of the polynomial.