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I'm really confused about congruence. I tried hard, but I kept failing :(

$$30! \equiv -1 \pmod{31} \text{ by Wilson's Theorem}$$ $$ \Longleftrightarrow 30.29.28.27.26.25! \equiv -1 \pmod{31}$$ $$ \Longleftrightarrow (-1).15.10.(-8).6.25! \equiv -1 \pmod{31}$$ $$ \Longleftrightarrow 15.4.5!.25! \equiv -1 \pmod{31}$$ $$ \Longleftrightarrow 60.5!.25! \equiv -1 \pmod{31}$$ $$ \Longleftrightarrow 15.5!.25! \equiv -1 \pmod{31}$$

And I was stuck here :( ? Furthermore, I have to use computer to find a pair of solution of the Diophantine equation $ax + 31y = 1$ for each number: $30, 29, 28, 27, 26 ... $ I wonder is there an easier way to do this? Because I think this way is very time consuming. Any idea?

Thanks,
Chan

4 Answers 4

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So by Wilson's Theorem, you have $$ 30\cdot 29\cdot 28\cdot 27\cdot 26\cdot 25!\equiv -1\pmod{31}. $$ But notice this implies $$ (-1)(-2)(-3)(-4)(-5)25!\equiv (-1)^5 5!25!\equiv -1\pmod{31}, $$ since $30\equiv -1\pmod{31}$, $29\equiv -2\pmod{31}$,$\dots$, and $26\equiv -5\pmod{31}$.

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    @yunone: Thanks, after seeing the answer I feel like I need to take a break :(.2011-02-26
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    @Chan, no problem. Working too long can be hard on anyone. Things will probably look clearer in the morning.2011-02-26
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    @yunone: From your equation: $(-1)^{5} = -1$. So $-5!25! + 1$ is divisible by 31, but this is not true. Can you explain this? Sorry if I misunderstood your instruction.2011-02-26
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    @Chan, I'm not sure how you did your calculation. [According to wolframalpha](http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=-5!25!%2B1+mod+31) $-5!25!+1$ is indeed divisible by $31$.2011-02-26
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    @yunone: I really apologized for being careless, since my calculator mode was on faction mode, so I saw the quotient as fraction with power of 10.2011-02-26
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    @Chan, no worries.2011-02-26
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    @yunone Here the answer is -1 or 1 ? Since after solving it comes (-1)^5!25!2012-10-09
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    @vikiiii The answer is $1$. The answer shows $30!\equiv (-1)^5 5!25!\equiv -1\pmod{31}$, so since $(-1)^5=-1$, you have $(-1)5!25!\equiv -1\pmod{31}$. Multiplying both sides by $-1$ shows $5!25!\equiv 1\pmod{31}$.2012-10-09
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If you are looking for $x$ such that $15x = 1 \mod 31$, notice that $15 \times 2 = 30 = -1 \mod 31$

Hence $15 \times (-2) = 1 \mod 31$.

But, as yunone's answer shows, you have a mistake somewhere.

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    Thanks! I'm really weak when thinking in term of modulo.2011-02-26
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As I said in your prior question, Wilson's theorem yields the reflection formula

$$\rm (p-1-k)\:!\ \equiv\ \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{k!}\ \ (mod\ p),\ \ for\ p\ prime $$

Hence $\rm\displaystyle\ 25!\equiv \frac{1}{5!}\ (mod\ 31)\:.\:$ But $\rm\ 5!\equiv 4\ (5\cdot3\cdot2)\equiv -4,\:\:$ and $\rm\ 4\cdot 8\equiv 1\ \Rightarrow\ 1/4\equiv 8\ (mod\ 31)\:.\:$

Therefore we conclude that $\rm\ 1/5!\equiv -1/4 \equiv -8\ (mod\ 31)\:.\ $ Indeed $\rm -8\cdot 5! = 1 - 31^2$

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I know this has already been answered using Wilson's but I'd like to be a little more explicit with the answer. I'm sure @Chan already has this down pat 6 years ago...

30! = 30*29*28*27*26*25!

30 is congruent to -1 mod 31

29 is congruent to -2 mod 31

28 is congruent to -3 mod 31

27 is congruent to -4 mod 31

26 is congruent to -5 mod 31

Now notice that 30! is congruent to -1 (mod p)

Then 30*29*28*27*26*25! is congruent to -1 (mod p)

But then taking the inverses, we have that -1*-2*-3*-4*-5*25! is congruent to -1 (mod p).

This is possible because for a congruent to b (mod p), b congruent to a (mod p). So 30*29*28*27*26*25! is congruent to -1*-2*-3*-4*-5*25! is congruent to -1 (mod p)

simplifying the left hand side of the equation, we get, (-1^5) * 5! * 25!

So (-1^5) * 5! * 25! is congruent to (-1 mod p)

We're almost there, since we need 5! * 25!, not 5! * 25! * -1

dividing each side by -1, we have that 5! * 25! is congruent to 1 (mod p)

From this, it is obvious the remainder is 1.