I have a simple question. Let $ S = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {e^{ikx} } $ using the typical trick , we also have $ S\left( {e^{ix} - 1} \right) = e^{i\left( {n + 1} \right)x} - e^{ix} $ and if $ \left( {e^{ix} - 1} \right) \ne 0 $ we divide by it and we have: $ S=\left( {1 - e^{inx} } \right)\frac{{e^{ix} }} {{1 - e^{ix} }} $ And I see that this limit if n goes to infinity does not exist, but Wolfram|Alpha says that it converges. The problem clearly is in the factor $ \left( {1 - e^{inx} } \right) $ it goes to 0 :S? or something
a question about the sum of $ e^{ikx}$
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0You have a geometric series with common factor $e^{ix}$. You also (should!) know that $|e^{ix}|=1$; would you happen to remember how the geometric series behaves at the boundary of the region where it converges? – 2011-11-17
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0You are saying that $ \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } e^{ixn} = 0 $ ? =S!! – 2011-11-17
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0I haven't said anything about convergence (yet). What do you remember about the behavior of the geometric series at the boundary? – 2011-11-17
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0the geometric series converges iff the norm of the term is less than 1. – 2011-11-17
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0Yes. But since $|e^{ix}|=1$ for all $x\in \mathbb R$, then... – 2011-11-17
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0But Im not computing the sum of the absolute values :S I´m confused – 2011-11-17
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0let us [continue this discussion in chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/1804/discussion-between-susuk-and-j-m) – 2011-11-17
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0What do you mean by norm, then, if not the absolute value? – 2011-11-17
2 Answers
When evaluating the sum, Wolfram Alpha makes the necessary assumptions so that the series converges. For example Sum[x^k, {k, 0, Infinity}]
evaluates to $1/(1-x)$. It is not mentioned that this is only valid for $|x| < 1$, but that doesn't mean $1 + 2 + 2^2 \ldots = -1$
Similarly, Sum[Exp[i x k], {k, 1, Infinity}]
evaluates to $-1 + 1/(1 - e^{ix})$ under the assumption that $|e^{ix}| < 1$ or $\mbox{Imag}(x)>0$. If you want Mathematica to output the conditions necessary for convergence, you need the GenerateConditions
flag, like this:
Sum[Exp[i x k], {k, 1, Infinity}, GenerateConditions -> True]
Unfortunately this doesn't work in Alpha. In Mathematica it evaluates to: $$ \mbox{ConditionalExpression} \left[-\frac{e^{i x}}{-1 + e^{i x}}, e^{\mbox{Re}[i x]} < 1 \ \ \&\& \ \ e^{i x} \ne 1 \right] $$ Since you didn't specify that $x$ must be real, it is assumed to be possibly complex. Alternatively, one can specify that $x$ is real with a statement like this:
Assuming[ Element[x, Reals], Sum[Exp[I k x], {k, 1, Infinity}] ]
As expected, this gives the error Sum::div: Sum does not converge.
.
So, why doesn't Mathematica give the convergence conditions by default? Probably just because it results in a simpler output. (If one is really interested in finding the analytic continuation of a function, the convergence conditions don't matter.)
Assuming $x$ is real, Wolfram is wrong.