I am having difficulty proving the following: Let $n \in \mathbb N$ and let $f\colon \mathbb R\to \mathbb R$ be defined by $f(x)=x^n$ for $x\ge0$ and $f(x)=0$ for $x<0$. For which values of $n$ is $f'$ continuous at $0$? For which values of $n$ is $f'$ differentiable at $0$? I'm not sure how to solve the problem but I know the definition of a derivative will probably be utilized somehow for the case when $x<0$.
When is the derivative of $x^n\mathbf 1_{[0,\infty)}$ continuous/differentiable?
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0Can you find f'? – 2012-03-31
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0for x>=0 f'(x)=n*x^n-1, for x<=0 f'(0)=0. How should I proceed with finding where it is continuous and differentiable at 0? – 2012-03-31
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0@Quaternary : I suspect you read "differentiable" but wrote "differential". – 2012-03-31
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1Great! Now find $n$ such that $\lim_{+0}f'=\lim_{-0}f'$ – 2012-03-31
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0Thanks for the hints. I'm currently having difficulty finding such an n. – 2012-03-31
1 Answers
I'll assume that $\Bbb N$ is the set of positive integers.
First, we need to find when $f$ is differentiable at $0$.
Things are nice for $x\ne0$. We have $$f'(x)=0\quad\text{for}\quad x<0$$ and$$f'(x)=nx^{n-1}\quad\text{for}\quad x>0.$$
From this, we see that the derivative of $f$ from the left at $x=0$ is $0$. Thus, in order for $f'(0)$ to be defined, the derivative of $f$ from the right at $x=0$ must be $0$. The derivative from the right at $x=0$ is given by the limit $$ \lim\limits_{h\rightarrow 0^+} {h^{n } \over h} = \lim\limits_{h\rightarrow 0^+}\, {h^{n-1 } }; $$ which is $0$ if and only if $n\ge 2$. (Note we could have computed $\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0^+} nx^{n-1}$ here instead.)
So, for $n\ge 2$, $f$ is differentiable everywhere and, in this case: $$ f'(x)=\cases{0, &$x\le 0$\cr nx^{n-1}, &$x>0$}. $$
One easily verifies that $f'$ is continuous at $x=0$ (in fact everywhere) for $n\ge2$.
Now for the differentiability of $f'$:
We have $$f''(x)=0\quad\text{for}\quad x< 0$$ and $$f''(x)=n(n-1)x^{n-2}\quad\text{for}\quad x>0.$$ As before, $f''$ exists at $x=0$ if and only if $$\lim\limits_{h\rightarrow 0} {nh^{n-1}\over h}=\lim\limits_{h\rightarrow 0} {nh^{n-2} } =0.$$ This occurs if and only if $n\ge 3$.
So $f'$ is differentiable at $x=0$ if and only if $n\ge3$.
Pictorially, not much is going on here. $f$ is differentiable at $0$ (and the derivative is continuous at $x=0$) if and only if the graph of $f$ on the positive $x$-axis is not a straight line with non-zero slope. $f'$ is differentiable at $x=0$ if and only if its graph on the positive $x$-axis is not a straight line with non-zero slope, which happens if and only if the graph of $f$ on the positive $x$-axis is not a parabola.