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Possible Duplicate:
Number of relations that are both symmetric and reflexive

Let $X$ be a set with $8$ elements.

How many binary relations on $X$ are either reflexive or symmetric or both?

show work. you need not simplify the answer.

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    Funny -- "show work" also appears in [this answer](http://meta.math.stackexchange.com/a/1804/6622), but there the request goes in the other direction...2012-01-10
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    Here is a start. For symmetric, there are $56$ ordered pairs of *distinct* elements. For any such pair, you can say yes or no. So there are $2^{56}$ symmetric relations. A similar argument (but be careful about equality) will count the symmetric relations. Add. The reflexive **and** symmetric have been double-counted.2012-01-10
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    It is the number which are reflexive *plus* the number which are symmetric *minus* the number which are both (to avoid double counting)2012-01-10

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In a set with 8 elements, a binary relation, $R$ can be thought of as a set of pairs of elements of the set for which that relation is true. That is, $(a,b) \in R \leftrightarrow aRb$ is true. As such, if there are 8 elements, then there 64 possible pairs (order matters). If the relation is reflexive, then this implies that $(a,a) \in R$ for all $a$. So we know that 8 of the pairs must be in the relation. This leaves 56 pairs which can either be in or not be in. So there are $2^{56}$ possible reflexive relations.

Similar combinatorics can be applied to find the answer for symmetric and both.

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    You are saying symmetric when you mean reflexive.2012-01-10
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    Oh, yeah, you are completely correct. How dumb of me. Fixed in most recent edit.2012-01-10