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Let $X$ be a Banach space. Let $X^*$ denote the dual space . Would you help me, How to show that $(X^*)^{**}=(X^{**})^*$?

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    Would downvoter explain why all the answers were downvoted?2012-12-04

2 Answers 2

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This is just playing with symbols. By definition $$ Y^*=\mathcal{B}(Y,\mathbb{C}) $$ for any normed space $Y$. So $$ X^{**}=(X^*)^*=\mathcal{B}(X^*,\mathbb{C})=\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(X,\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C}) $$ $$ (X^{**})^*=\mathcal{B}(X^{**},\mathbb{C})=\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(X,\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C}) $$ and on the other hand $$ (X^*)^{**}=\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(X^*,\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C})=\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{B}(X,\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C}),\mathbb{C}) $$ Hence $$ (X^{**})^*=(X^*)^{**} $$

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It's just a matter of notation:

$$X^{**}:=(X^{*})^{*}$$

for all normed vector spaces X, so

$$(X^*)^{**}=((X^*)^*)^*=(X^{**})^*.$$

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    No. I find the question from exercise of conway book2012-12-03
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    @Sean Gomes Please, explain your argument.2012-12-04
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    The double dual of a normed vector space $X$ is the vector space that arises from taking the dual of the dual of $X$. If we explicitly write this by using brackets, both the left hand side and the right hand side reduce to the middle...the space that arises from taking the dual of X three times recursively.2012-12-04
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    What is the number of the exercise?2012-12-04
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    @GEdgar: exercise no 2 page 902012-12-10