Here is a problem I encountered some time back: Suppose $f$ is bounded for $a\leq x\leq b$ and for every pair of values $x_1$ and $x_2$ with $a\leq x_1\leq x_2 \leq b$, $f(\frac{1}{2}(x_1+x_2))\leq \frac{1}{2}(f(x_1)+f(x_2))$. Prove that $f$ is continuous for $a I tried to solve it but I could not really come with anything... Here's an attempt.The idea is not due to me but to a friend; By the condition given, $f(\frac{2x+2\delta}{2})\leq \frac{1}{2}(f(x+2\delta)+f(x))$,i.e. $f(x+\delta)-f(x)\leq \frac{1}{2}f(x+2\delta)-f(x)$ and in this manner, $f(x+\delta)-f(x)\leq \frac{1}{2}f(x+2\delta)-f(x)\leq \frac{1}{2^2}(f(x+4\delta)-f(x))\leq$ $ \dots \dots \dots \dots $ $\frac{1}{2^n}(f(x+2^n\delta)-f(x))$ where $a As $\delta\to 0$,$f(x+2^k\delta)\to f(x)$ for $k=1,2,\dots n$ i.e. $f$ is continuous in the interval $(a,b)$. I tried posting this flawed attempt on Aops , but no one has suggested how to finish off the proof using what I used.I will be happy if someone could suggest something.Thanks!
Proving continuity of $f$
2 Answers
Functions satisfying the inequality $$ f\Bigl(\frac{x_1+x_2}2\Bigr)\le\frac{f(x_1)+f(x_2)}2 $$ are called midpoint convex. This is a slightly weaker condition than convexity. Continuous midpoint convex functions are convex. A beatiful result due to Sierpinski is that Lebesgue measurable midpoint convex functions are convex.
To prove that a bounded midpoint convex is continuous, argue by contradiction. Supose $f$ is discontinuous at $x_0\in(a,b)$. Without loss of generality we may assume $x_0=0$, $f(x_0)=0$.
First step. There exists a sequence $\{x_n\}\subset(a,b)$, such that $\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n=0$ and $\lim_{n\to\infty}f(x_n)=m\ne0$. We may assume that $m>0$.
Second step. The sequence $\{2\,x_n\}$ also converges to $0$ and $$ f(x_n)=f\Bigl(\frac{0+2\,x_n}2\Bigr)\le\frac{f(0)+f(2\,x_n)}2\implies f(2\,x_n)\ge2\,f(x_n)\implies\liminf f(2\,x_n)\ge2\,m. $$ Iteration shows that $$ \liminf f(2^k\,x_n)\ge2^k\,m, $$ which is impossible since $f$ is bounded.
You can find this and much more in this book.
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0Why can you assume that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} f(x_n)$ exists? – 2012-04-28
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0@Siminore $\{f(x_n)\}$ is bounded, so it has a convergent subsequence. If the limit of all its convergent subsequences where $0$, then the whole sequence would converge to $0$. – 2012-04-28
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0Sorry, I was thinking of the general case for mid-convex functions. – 2012-04-28
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0Why can we assume that $x_0=0$ and $f(x_0)=0$?I have had little or no exposure to convergent sequences.I'd probably revisit this after I gain enough background to appreciate this. – 2012-04-28
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2Consider $g(x)=f(x+x_0)-f(x_0)$. $g$ is midpoint convex, bounded and $g(0)=0$. $f$ is continuous in $x=x_0$ if and only if $g$ is continuous in $x=0$. – 2012-04-28
More generally I want to show that If $f$ is a convex function on an open interval $I$ then $f$ is continous: $f$ is said to be convex on $I$ if $\forall a,b\in I$ and every $t\in(0,1)$, if $f$ satisfies $$f(tb+(1-t)a)\le tf(b)+(1-t)f(a).$$
Now for $a=b$, the definition says nothing. If $a
Proposition ONE.
Suppose that $f:I\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, then $f$ is convex iff $\forall a,b$ and $a
Proposition TWO.
If f is a convex function on an interval $I$ and $a
Now the Final Claim
A convex function on an open interval is continous.
Proof
If $b\in I$ , then there exist $a$ and $c\in I$ with $a$f$ is continuous at $b$,$b$ was arbitrary so $f$ is continuous on $I$,in your case $t=1/2.$