Note that $g'(x)$ is undefined when $x\le -1$. So we are only interested in values of $x$ greater than $-1$. Since $g'(x)>0$ for $x>-1$, our function $g$ is increasing in the interval $(-1,\infty)$. Thus, with a suitable restriction on the domain, an inverse function $h$ exists.
For all suitable $x$, we have $g(h(x))=x$, and for all suitable $x$, we have $h(g(x))=x$, by the definition of inverse function.
We use the identity $g(h(x))=x$. Differentiate both sides with respect to $x$, using the Chain Rule. We obtain $$h'(x)g'(h(x))=1.$$ But we are told that $g'(u)=(1+u^3)^{-1/2}$. It follows that $$h'(x)(1+[h(x)]^3)^{-1/2}=1.$$ More simply, $$h'(x)=(1+[h(x)]^3)^{1/2}.$$ To find $h''(x)$, differentiate. We get, by the Chain Rule, applied twice, $$h''(x)=3[h(x)]^2h'(x)(1/2)(1+[h(x)]^3)^{-1/2}.$$ The term $h'(x)(1+[h(x)]^3)^{-1/2}$ sort of hidden in the right-hand side is equal to $1$. It follows that $$h''(x)=\frac{3}{2}[h(x)]^2.$$
Comment: One might imagine integrating $g'(x)$ to find $g(x)$, and then finding the inverse function $h(x)$ explicitly. However, the function $(1+x^3)^{-1/2}$ does not have an elementary antiderivative, so that approach will not succeed.