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Suppose that $f_n:X\to [0,1]$ where $X$ is some arbitrary set. Suppose that $ f_n(x)\geq f_{n+1}(x) $ for all $x\in X$ and all $n = 0,1,2,\dots$ so there exists $\lim_n f_n(x)$ point-wise, let's call it $f(x)$.

Define $f^*_n:=\sup\limits_{x\in X}f_n(x)$, $f^*:=\sup\limits_{x\in X}f(x)$ and $\hat f:= \lim\limits_n f^*_n$. I wonder when $f^* = \hat f$, i.e. $ \lim\limits_n \sup\limits_{x\in X}f_n(x) = \sup\limits_{x\in X}\lim\limits_n f_n(x). $

I was googling the topic, but strangely have not found any information, strangely because I expected it to be available as for changing the order of limits or of integration.

Some simple facts: $\hat f\geq f^*$ and the reverse is true at least when $f_n$ converges uniformly to $f$. This does not hold in general, e.g. when $f_n = 1_{[n,\infty)}$.

I would appreciate any other ideas that you can advise me. Also related to this. A similar question was asked here.

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    I think that convergence of minima/maxima is related to $\Gamma$-convergence.2012-07-12

2 Answers 2

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Given $\epsilon>0$, let $E_n=\{x\in X: f_n(x)\ge \hat f-\epsilon\}$ and $E^*=\{x\in X: f(x)\ge \hat f-\epsilon\}$. We know that the sets $E_n$ are nonempty and nested: $E_{n+1}\subset E_n$. We would like to show that $E^*$ is nonempty. Since $f_n$ decreases to $f^*$ pointwise, it follows that $E^*=\bigcap E_n$.

So the problem becomes: how do we show that a nested sequence of nonempty sets has nonempty intersection? I know three ways:

  • $E_1$ has finite measure and the measures of $E_n$ are bounded from below by $c>0$.
  • each $E_n$ is compact
  • $X$ is complete, each $E_n$ is closed, and $\mathrm{diam}\, E_n\to 0$.
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    @Ilya Thanks, fixed.2012-07-12
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Your problem is equivalent to asking if $\begin{equation}\inf_n \sup_x f_n(x) = \sup_x \inf_n f_n(x) \tag{*}\end{equation}.$

This question is the subject of minimax theorems, e.g. Sion's minimax theorem. Minimax theorems are applied frequently in game theory.

Generally speaking, (*) is true if $n \mapsto f_n(x)$ is (quasi-)concave and $x \mapsto f_n(x)$ is (quasi-)convex. You will also need some sort of (semi-)continuity and a "nice" structure for the sets in the infimum and supremum (for instance $x \in \mathbb{R}$ and $f_n(x) = \frac1n |g(x)|$).