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let $f:M \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a nowhere vanishing function defined on a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$. consider the distribution $\ker(df)$. This is clearly involutive and thus defines a foliation. My question is now: is it possible that the dimension of the foliation changes or it remains $n-1$, where $n = \dim(M)$? Well this should depend on the function, right? What conditions, on $f$, does one need to impose in order that the foliation remains codimension one?

bill

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    Adding on to what Neal said, if $M$ is compact (and more than one point), $df$ must vanish at least twice - at the max and min of $f$. Further, for example, if $M = S^{2n}$, $M$ doesn't have any codimension one foliations at all.2012-12-12

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