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In school, I have been learning that the standard expression of a linear equation in two variables is of the form: $ax + by + c = 0$ while $a \neq 0$ and $b \neq 0$. I want to understand the purpose of the constant 'c' in this equation and where it was derived from, whether it be graphically or algebraically.

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    As Andre hinted, the parameter $c$ is not an intrinsic property of the line, since scaling by $k\ne 0$ yields the same line $ak\ x + bk\ y + ck = 0$. This is familiar in the case $a = 0, b\ne 0$ where $y = -c/b$ and the "numerator" $c$ reveals nothing at all about the quotient $-c/b\:$ (except $c = 0\:$ $\:\Rightarrow\:$ $-c/b = 0\:$).2012-02-09

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Not quite sure what you're asking about fundamental principles. Do you mean more or less from the definition of a line? Well, if you define a line as having constant slope, you can write this as

$\frac{y-y_1}{x-x_1}=m$

which can then be manipulated to

$y-y_1=m(x-x_1),y=mx+y_1-mx_1$

If you plug in the point $(0,b)$ for $(x_1,y_1)$, you get the slope-intercept form

$y=mx+b$

From here, you could subtract both sides by $mx$ and multiply by a constant to clear fractions if you wish to get the form you desire.

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    Thank you Mike. The usage of 'fundamental principles' may have been inappropriate. However, the above derivation is in line with what I was thinking.2012-02-09
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Let's start with the fact that we want linear equations in two variables to represent a line.

Suppose we didn't have a constant $c$. If we considered all equations of the form $ax+by=0$, we would only get lines through the origin, as follows: we could solve our equation to get $y=-\frac{a}{b}x$, which always passes through $(0,0)$.

Adding the constant $c$ allows us to consider all lines in the plane. Specifically the equation $ax+by+c=0$ passes through the points $(0, -\frac{c}{b})$ and $(-\frac{c}{a},0)$

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    What are the fundamental principles you would like to start with? (For instance, the intention of having the linear equation describe a line is a fundamental principle in my mind)2012-02-09
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$ax+by=0$ is an equation of a line passing through the origin. This can be verified by putting $x=y=0$ in the equation. LHS=RHS and hence verified. If however, you want an equation of a line which doesn't pass through the origin, the factor 'c' is needed. In the more 'popular' form of the equation $y = mx+c$ (Just a fancy way of arranging $ax+by+c=0$ to include slope and intercept), c becomes the intercept of the line on the Y axis. In other words, when $x=0$, $y = c$. The factor c only adds to "move" the line parallel to itself up or down. See below. There are 2 lines parallel to each other (Lets call them upper and lower). One of them is $y = 2x + 3 (Upper)$ and the other $y = 2x (Lower)$ The factor 3 "moves" the line up by 3 units when the line intersects the Y axis. 2 Parallel Lines

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    For a linear curve (A line), the slope is constant and is equal to the difference in the y co-ordinates of two points to the difference between the x-coordinates of the same 2 points (m = $\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}$) This is true for all lines. Incidentally, for lines passing through the origin, one of the points can be chosen as (0,0) hence slope is $\frac{y}{x}$. For other lines, m = Slope = $\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$. Thus, $y_2 - y_1 = m(x_2-x_1)$ This can be arranged in the form you wanted.2012-02-09