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One usually gets several definitions of the logarithm along his studies.

  1. You might be first introduced to the exponential and then told that the logarithm is its inverse.
  2. You might be given $\log x = \int\limits_1^x {\frac{{du}}{u}} $
  3. Like Landau does. Let $k = 2^n$, then: $\log x =\mathop {\lim }\limits_{k \to \infty } k\left( {\root k \of x - 1} \right)$
  4. And last, if you ever read, Euler famously wrote: $ - \log x = \frac{{1 - {x^0}}}{0}$

Landau's definition (although I find it the most usefull to work with) really baffled me untill just now. Since $\int\limits_1^x {\frac{{du}}{{{u^{\alpha + 1}}}}} = \frac{{{x^{ - \alpha }} - 1}}{{ - \alpha }}$

Then being $\frac{1}{k} = -\alpha$ one hopes to have:

$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \int\limits_1^x {\frac{{du}}{{{u^{\alpha + 1}}}}} = \int\limits_1^x {\frac{{du}}{u}} = \log x = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{k \to \infty } k\left( {\root k \of x - 1} \right)$

How can one justify taking the limit before integration? Continuity suffices?

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    There is also the lemma-definition that log is the unique continuous homomorphism from $(\mathbb{R}^\times, \times)$ to $(\mathbb{R}, +)$ that has unit slope at 1.2012-02-10

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You can use the fact that it's a uniform limit for $u \in [1,x]$, or use Dominated Convergence or Monotone Convergence.

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    $f_\alpha(u) = 1/u^{\alpha+1}$ and $f(u) = 1/u$ are continuous functions on $[1,x]$, and $f_\alpha(u) \to f(u)$ uniformly for $u \in [1,x]$ as $\alpha \to 0$, so $\int_1^x f_\alpha(u)\ du \to \int_1^x f(u)\ du$. In fact, $\left|\int_1^x f_\alpha(u) \ du - \int_1^x f(u)\ du\right| \le |x-1| \sup_{1 \le u \le x} \left|f_\alpha(u) - f(u)\right|$2012-02-28