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I have five dice to roll. I roll them. What is the probability that I will get a straight with exactly four consecutive numbers and not $5$?

There are three options: $1,2,3,4$ or $2,3,4,5$ or $3,4,5,6$.

I have $1,2,3,4,*$ where $*$ can be either $1/2/3/4/6$. It cannot be five. Now we do $4!*5$.

Next, I take $2,3,4,5,*$ where $*= 2,3,4,5$. We get $4!*4$ and $4!*5$ for $3/4/5/6$.

I get the probability $(4!*14)/6^5$ but there are some complexities involved. Can anyone explain this clearly? I tried $4!*5*5$ since the position of * is variable. Now, I get $(4!*70)/6^5$ which is not correct either.

Can someone explain it systematically?

2 Answers 2

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Imagine tossing the dice one at a time, and recording the results, or equivalently labelling the dice A to E, and recording the results as a string of length $5$, result on A, result on B, and so on. There are $6^5$ possibilities, all equally likely. Now we count the favourables.

The "straight" part can be of any of type $1,2,3,4$, $2,3,4,5$, or $3,4,5,6$.

First we deal with the $2,3,4,5$. In order not to get $5$ in a row, we must avoid $1$ and $6$, so we must double up something. What we double up can be chosen in $4$ ways. For each of these ways, the smallest non-doubled number can be placed in $5$ ways, then the second smallest in $4$ ways, then the third smallest in $3$ ways. Now the doubleton falls in the remaining spaces. That gives a total of $(4)(5)(4)(3)=240$ ways to have $2,3,4,5$ as the "straight" part.

Now we deal with $1,2,3,4$. We could have the other number be a $6$, and then the $5$ numbers can be arranged in $5!=120$ ways.

Or else we could double up one of our numbers. We have already analyzed this, and seen there are $240$ ways to do it. So there are $360$ patterns where the straight part is $1,2,3,4$.

Similarly, there are $360$ patterns where the straight part is $3,4,5,6$.

So our total is $240+360+360=960$, and the required probability is $\dfrac{960}{6^5}.$

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As you have noticed, there are $14$ possible multisets of $5$ numbers that are "good" in your sense, of containing four consecutive numbers but no five consecutive numbers. These $14$ multisets can be divided into two kinds:

  • $12$ of them with some number repeated, namely: $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 1\}, \{1, 2, 3, 4, 2\}, \{1, 2, 3, 4, 3\}, \{1, 2, 3, 4, 4\}, \{2, 3, 4, 5, 2\}, \{2, 3, 4, 5, 3\}, \{2, 3, 4, 5, 4\}, \{2, 3, 4, 5, 5\}, \{3, 4, 5, 6, 3\}, \{3, 4, 5, 6, 4\}, \{3, 4, 5, 6, 5\}, \{3, 4, 5, 6, 6\}$
  • $2$ of them with all five numbers distinct, namely: $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 6\}$ and $\{3, 4, 5, 6, 1\}$.

For each of the latter two multisets, it can be ordered in $5!$ ways, so the probability that you get exactly that multiset is: $\frac{5!}{6^5}$

For each of the former twelve multisets, it can be ordered in $\frac{5!}{2!}$ ways, so the probability that you get exactly that multiset is: $\frac{5!}{2! 6^5}$

So the answer you want is: $ 2\frac{5!}{6^5} + 12\frac{5!}{2! 6^5} = \frac{2(5!) + 6(5!)}{6^5} = \frac{960}{6^5} = \frac{960}{7776} = \frac{10}{81}$