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Many ideas and algorithms come from imagining points on 2d and 3d spaces. Be it in function analysis, machine learning, pattern matching and many more.

How do mathematicians think about higher dimensions? Can intuitions about the meaning of dot-product, angles and lengths transfer from 2d geometry to a 100d?

If so, would it be enough to fully understand the higher dimesions, namely, could the same problem in 100d have properties\behaviours that are not seen in 2d\3d?

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    Also, a volume ($n$-dimentional measure) of a $n$-dimentional ball as a function of $n$ is increasing upto 5d and then decrasing!2012-06-13

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It vastly depends on the objects you define. Indeed, when talking about vector spaces, we algebraically think about $\mathbb{R}^n$, build up intuition, and then set $n=100$.

However, when you start adding exotic objects, like knots, it becomes less "easy". For example, some knots in $\mathbb{R}^3$ are trivial loops in $\mathbb{R}^4$ (ie. the trefoil knot falls apart in 4D).

Then again, functions and their orthogonality are computed in $\mathbb{R}^{89270}$ just as they are in $\mathbb{R}$ - nothing strange going on there. It's only when you consider infinite-dimensional spaces that this becomes slightly unintuitive again.

So, in short, it completely depends on the objects you talk about. Most finite-dimensional vector spaces over some field $K$ are equal in almost all aspects. Adding more structure can make it much more difficult, and oftentimes all mathematicians have is algebra.

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    @PeteL.Clark From Wikipedia: "In general, piecewise-linear n-spheres form knots only in (n + 2)-space (Zeeman 1963), although this is no longer a requirement for smoothly knotted spheres. In fact, there are smoothly knotted (4k − 1)-spheres in 6k-space, e.g. there is a smoothly knotted 3-sphere in the 6-sphere (Haefliger 1962)(Levine 1965). Thus the codimension of a smooth knot can be arbitrarily large when not fixing the dimension of the knotted sphere; however, any smooth k-sphere in an n-sphere with 2n − 3k − 3 > 0 is unknotted."2018-11-22