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I came across this inequality and I could not understand how they found it:

$ (E[X \mathbb{1_{X>0}}])^2 < E[X^2]P(X>0) $

Can you explain the necessary steps?

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It's the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. $(E[X \mathbb{1_{X>0}}])^{2} \leq E[X^{2}]\, E[\mathbb{1^2_{X>0}}]=E[X^{2}]\, E[\mathbb{1_{X>0}}]=E[X^{2}]\,P(X>0).$