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I thought that you had to replace a sin or cosine with the second guess, but why does the first one work?

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Note that $x_p''=25A\cos(5t)+25B\sin(5t)$, so that $x_p''+9x=34A\cos(5t)+34B\sin(5t).$ This is the LHS of the ODE and the RHS has no $\sin(5t)$ term, thus $B=0$.

This is because there is no first derivative term in the ODE. Any $\sin(\cdot)$ terms in $x_p$ will not differentiate to give a $\cos(\cdot)$ term on the LHS of the ODE.

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    Another way of saying it: the differential equation is invariant under the symmetry $t \to -t$. Thus if $y(t)$ is a solution, so is $y(-t)$, and so (by linearity) is $y_e(t) = (y(t) + y(-t))/2$, which is an even function. In particular, if $y(t) = A \cos(5 t) + B \sin(5 t)$, then $y_e(t) = A \cos(5 t)$.2012-11-05
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Another approach is to use the method called Variation of Parameters. As follows:

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So you have: $u'_1=\int\frac{-80}{3}\sin(3t)\cos(5t)dt\to u_1=\frac{5}{3}\cos(8t)-\frac{20}{3}\cos(2t)\\u'_2=\int\frac{80}{3}\cos(3t)\cos(5t)dt\to u_2=\frac{20}{3}\sin(8t)-\frac{5}{3}\sin(8t)$ and so $x_p=u_1x_1+u_2x_2=-5\cos(5t)$