Q: Show that there does not exist a permutation $\sigma \in S_4$ satisfying $(1 2)(3 4)\sigma = \sigma(1 2 3 4)$.
I think, there must be an easy way around or do I have to show the results for every permutation of $S_4$?
Q: Show that there does not exist a permutation $\sigma \in S_4$ satisfying $(1 2)(3 4)\sigma = \sigma(1 2 3 4)$.
I think, there must be an easy way around or do I have to show the results for every permutation of $S_4$?
There is an easy way around. Hint: Think about odd and even permutations.
Or another way to do it would be to observe that if such $\sigma$ existed, you would have $\sigma^{-1} (12)(34) \sigma = (1234)$, and perhaps you know something about conjugation and cycle structure that tells you that can't happen. But the odd and even thing is simpler.
$ (12)(34) = \sigma^{-1} (1234)\sigma$. You should know that $\sigma^{-1} (1234)\sigma=(\sigma(1)\sigma(2)\sigma(3)\sigma(4))$, so the right hand is cycle of length 4 but the left hand is 2 cycle of length 2. This is contradiction.
Besides to theoretical formal @Tara's approach and by using GAP as follows, you can see that we achieve nothing in GAP's environment:
for alpha in SymmetricGroup(4) do if(alpha^(-1)(1,2)(3,4)alpha=(1,2,3,4)) then Print(alpha,"\n"); fi; od;