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I am reading Milnor's "Characteristic classes", and there are two things about Stiefel-Whitney numbers that made me confused.

  1. The following theorem (due to Pontrjagin) is being proved.

If $B$ is a smooth compact (n+1)-dimensional manifold with boundary equal to $M$ (a smooth compact manifold without boundary, which is not assumed to be orientable), then the Stiefel-Whitney numbers are all zero.

The proof seems to rely on the fact that the normal bundle of $M$ in $B$ is trivial, which I fail to see why. Milnor claims that if we give a metric to $TB$, then there is a unique outward normal vector field along $M$. I don't see what this means without any orientability condition on $B$.

  1. The converse of the theorem in 1 is being stated. I feel confused because the Stiefel-Whitney numbers for $\mathbb{R}P^{n}$ was calculated before, and for even $n$ the theorem would say that $\mathbb{R}P^n$ is not the boundary of a smooth compact manifold. But what's wrong if I consider $B^n$ with the antipodal points on the boundary being identified?

Thanks!

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    for your second question, if you take a 3-ball and identify its boundary 2-sphere with itself along the antipodal map, the result is boundaryless...2012-09-06

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  1. $M$ has codimension 1 in $B$, so its normal bundle is a (real) line bundle. A line bundle is trivial if and only if it has a nonvanishing section...

  2. If you identify antipodal boundary points on $B^n$, they stop being boundary points! In fact, this is one way of getting $\Bbb{R}P^n$. Think of $B^n$ as being the closed northern hemisphere of $S^n$. Of each pair of antipodal points on $S^n$, at least one lives in the northern hemisphere, and both do iff they're antipodal along the equator. So "identify antipodal points in $S^n$" has the same result as "identify antipodal points along the boundary of $B^n$."

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    @Sanchez: You can define "outward" locally. Take an atlas for $B$; every chart that intersects the boundary gives a local coordinate map to upper half-space, and within that chart "outward" just means "has negative final coordinate". If two charts overlap, the transition map between them preserves this notion of outwardness, so it extends globally.2012-09-06