How can we show that if $f:V\to V$ Then for each $m\in \mathbb {N}$ $\operatorname{im}(f^{m+1})\subset \operatorname{im}(f^m)$ Please help,I am stuck on this.
Image of power of linear operator.
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linear-algebra
3 Answers
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For $m\in \mathbb{N}$ : $f^m(f(V))\subset imf^m$ since $f(V)\subset V$, i.e $imf^{m+1}\subset imf^m$.
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Try it first with $m=1$. A typical member of $\def\im{\operatorname{im}} \im(f^2)$ looks like $f(f(x))$, right? Now can you see why that is a member of $\im(f)$? Next, repeat with $m=2$. Do you see how that generalizes to higher $m$?
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Suppose that $x\in\text{im}(f^{m+1})$. This means that $x=f^{m+1}(y)$ for some $y\in V$. Then $ x=f^{m+1}(y)=f^m(f(y))\in\text{im}(f^m). $
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0Not if $f$ is not nilpotent, as you said. – 2012-12-13