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I have the following equation: $GCV(\lambda)=\frac{ n\times\text{trace}\{Y'[I-S_{\phi,\lambda}]^{-2}Y\} }{\{\text{trace}[I-S_{\phi,\lambda}]\}^2}$

I know $I-S_{\phi,\lambda}$ is a matrix what is the power to the -2 supposed to mean? is it the power of each element?

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    I would think it's inverse squared.2012-10-17

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I think the natural interpretation of the notation $X^{-2}$ would be the inverse squared.