If we have a poset $(P,\le)$ then we can adjoin a new greatest element by setting $\overline P=P\cup\{1\}$ and $p\le 1$ for each $p\in P$. As OP mentioned in his post, this is the situation he is working with. (In this case $\overline P$ is the complete lattice $L$.)
In the above situation:
- $m$ is a maximal element of $P$ if and only if $m$ is a coatom in $\overline P$;
- the condition $P \subseteq \cup_{m\in M} \downarrow\! m$ means that every element of $P$ has a coatom of $\overline P$ above it (this is equivalent to: every element of $P$ has a $P$-maximal element above it).
So together we get that $P$ has the required property if and only if $\overline P$ is coatomic.
The notions of coatom and coatomic poset are dual to the notions of atom and atomic poset. The latter seem to be used more frequently.
Based on a guess what phrase could be used if someone would define such thing as described in the question, I browsed a little through the results of searches similar to poset "minimal element below". The only thing I found out was that in study of preference relations the name smooth relation is used sometimes, e.g. Coherent systems by Karl Schlechta p.79:
A strong requirement for the relation, which we find difficult to justify intuitively as a relation property, is smoothness. Essentially, it says that elements are either minimal, or there is a minimal element below them.
Although I do not think this particular case is of much interest for the OP.