If $f$ is $\mathscr{C}^1$, then $f(x) - f(y) = \int_0^1 Df(y + t(x-y)).(x-y) dt$, by the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Hence, $\begin{aligned} \| f(x) - f(y) \| &\le& &\int_0^1 \|Df(y+t(x-y)).(x-y) \| dt& \\ &\le& &\left( \int_0^1 \| Df( y + t(x-y) )\| dt \right) \| x-y \|& \le \sup_{z \in \mathbb{R}^n} \, \|Df(z) \| \; \| x-y \| \end{aligned}$
If $\sup_{z \in \mathbb{R}^n} \, \| Df(z) \| = C$ is finite, we get $\| f(x) - f(y) \| \le C \|x - y \|$ for all $x,y$.
Reciprocally, suppose that your function is $\mathscr{C}^1$ and that it's globally Lipschitz, with constant $C$.
Then, for all $x \in \mathbb{R}^n$, and all $h \in \mathbb{R}^n$, we know that $Df(x).h = \lim_{t \to 0} \frac{f(x+th) - f(x)}{t}$
But, by assumption, $\| f(x +th) - f(x) \| \le C \|th \| = C |t| \|h\|$, and we finally get $\|Df(x).h \| \le C \|h \|$ for all $h$, which by definition implies $\| Df(x) \| \le C$. Hence the total derivative is bounded all over $\mathbb{R}^n$.
All of this works also on an open set of $\mathbb{R}^n$, instead of the whole space.
Remark also that you don't need to assume $f$ to be $\mathscr{C}^1$, but only differentiable. The second part of my proof works as well, and for the first part, instead of applying fundamental theorem of calculus, you can use the mean value theorem.