First off, the definition is not totally standardized. I ran across the following comment on the talk page of the WP article, which I thought was very helpful in explaining this possible source of confusion:
Those of us who were introduced to manifolds via point set topology (as in Munkres) have a gut feeling that this is what manifolds are, and that the differential structure is an overlay. Those of us who were introduced to manifolds via the differential structure (as in Spivak) have a gut feeling that that is what manifolds are.
Both the WP article and this book have helpful lists of things that are and aren't manifolds. I would suggest having these lists handy while going through actual definitions of manifolds, because otherwise it's hard to understand why the different aspects of the definitions make sense.
It's also helpful to prepare yourself with an intuitive, informal idea of what we're trying to encapsulate in a formal definition. The basic idea is that we want to be able to describe a geometry stripped of (1) any notion of measurement, and (2) any notion of what is a straight line. However, we want to preserve distinctions like the distinction between a torus and a sphere.
Informally, here is a definition that I like. An n-dimensional manifold is a space M with the following properties:
M1. Dimension: M’s dimension is n.
M2. Homogeneity: No point has any property that distinguishes it from any other point.
M3. Completeness: M is complete, in the sense that specifying an arbitrarily small neighborhood gives a unique definition of a point.
If you work through some of the examples collected earlier, you'll see that this pretty much does the job. You can verify that the following are manifolds: the real line, a circle, the open half-plane $y>0$, the union of two disjoint planes. And that the following are not: a line glued to a plane, the rational numbers, the closed half-plane $y \ge 0$.
Here is a previous question I asked about formalizing the above definition.
The more typical definition is that a manifold is a space that is locally like $\mathbb{R}^n$. I dislike it philosophically, but it's easier to formalize than M1-M3 above. To formalize it, you can say that a manifold is a space in which any sufficiently small neighborhood is homeomorphic to an open set in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Homeomorphic means that you can find a homeomorphism between them. A homeomorphism is, intuitively, a process of stretching and distorting something without cutting or gluing. More formally, a homeomorphism is a function that is invertible and continuous in both directions.