Let $\varphi\colon \Bbb N\to \Bbb N$ a (strictly) increasing map such that for each integer $n$ $\int_{\Bbb R^d}|f_{\varphi(n+1)}(x)-f_{\varphi(n)}(x)|^{p(x)}dx\leq \frac 1{4^n}.$ Let $A_n:=\{x:|f_{\varphi(n+1)}(x)-f_{\varphi(n)}(x)|^{p(x)}>1/2^n\}$. We have $\mu(A_n)\leq \frac 1{2^n}$, hence for almost every $x$, we can find $N(x)$ such that for all $n\geq N(x)$, $|f_{\varphi(n+1)}(x)-f_{\varphi(n)}(x)|^{p(x)}\leq \frac 1{2^n}$. Since $p>0$, the sequence $\{f_{\varphi(n)}\}$ is almost everywhere convergent, say to a function $f$. We know that for $\alpha\in (0,1)$, we have, since $t\mapsto t^{\alpha}$ is sub-additive,
$|a+b|^{\alpha}\leq |a|^{\alpha}+|b|^{\alpha},$ and denoting $M:=\sup_{t\in\Bbb R^d}p(t)$, we have when $p\geq 1$, by convexity, $|a+b|^{p(x)}\leq 2^{p(x)-1}(|a|^{p(x)}+|b|^{p(x)})\leq 2^{M-1}(|a|^{p(x)}+|b|^{p(x)}).$ With these inequalities and Fatou's lemma, we can see that $\int_{\Bbb R^d}|f(x)|^{p(x)}$ is finite and $\lim_{n\to +\infty}\int_{\Bbb R^d}|f(x)-f_{\varphi(n)}(x)|^{p(x)}dx=0$.
The two mentioned inequalities show that the whole sequence converges.
It seems we didn't use any special feature of $\Bbb R^d$, and the result is true if we replace it by any set, and the Lebesgue measure by any positive one.