You can try to show that $X \backslash S$ is open by a contradiction argument. This proof will only assume the very basics of analysis and topology, namely open sets and metrics.
Suppose $X\backslash S$ is not open. That means there is an $f \in X\backslash S$ such that $B_r(f) \cap S \neq \emptyset$ for all $r$. You probably know this, but $B_r(f) = \{g \in C[0,1] : d(f, g) < r\}$ and is called the "open ball of radius $r$". Now, let $f(0) = y \neq 0$. Since $B_r(f) \cap S \neq \emptyset$ for all $r$, we can take a sequence $\{r_n\}$ such that $r_n \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$. This gives rise to a sequence of $g_n \in S$ such that $d(f, g_n) < r_n$, which is equivalent to saying that $\sup_x|f(x) - g_n(x)| < r_n$. Recall that $g_n(0) = 0$, which means that $|f(0) - g_n(0)| < r_n$. This could definitely be the case, but remember that $f(0)$ is a fixed number $y \neq 0$. Since $\{r_n\} \to 0$, we can choose one specific radius $r_N$ such that $r_N < y$. By our assumption, there exists a $g_N \in S$ such that $|f(0) - g_N(0)| < r_N < y = |f(0) - g_N(0)|$. This is a contradiction and so $X\backslash S$ is open.