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I'm finding it very challenging to understand a step in the derivation of the 'moment equation', found in these notes

http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/coursematerial/2011/989/66/fluids1.pdf

I am struggling with the transition of (1.33) to (1.34). I don't see how:

$\frac{d}{dt}\int_V \rho \mathbf{u} dV=\int_V \rho \frac{D\mathbf{u} }{Dt}dV$

This is a result of the transport theorem (1.22) and it's corollary (1.32), but I don't really see how the corollary is derived or how it can be applied to vector functions. If anyone could explain as you would a child I would be very grateful..

EDIT: So this really comes down just the derivation of the corollary: For $f=\rho h$

$\frac{d}{dt}\int_V \rho h dV=\int_V \rho \frac{Dh }{Dt}dV$

So this depends on the conservation of mass $\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \mathbf{u})=0$ Therefore from the transport theorem $\frac{d}{dt}\int_V \rho h dV=\int_V \frac{\partial \rho h}{\partial t} +\nabla \cdot(\rho h \mathbf{u}) dV=\int_V h\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} +\rho\frac{\partial h }{\partial t} + \rho h(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u})+ (\nabla \rho h)\cdot \mathbf{u} dV$

So all we need to do is show that: $h\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} +\rho\frac{\partial h }{\partial t} + \rho h(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u})+ (\nabla \rho h)\cdot \mathbf{u} =\star\big[\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \mathbf{u})\big] +\rho \big[ \frac{\partial h}{\partial t} + (\mathbf{u} \cdot\nabla)h\big]$

Can anyone help with this step? Many thanks.

1 Answers 1

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Your problem stems from the fact that also the volume depends on t. This is similar to the one dimensional case but now you have the following equation to hold (eq.(1.22) in the lectures you cite):

$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_{V(t)}fdxdydz=\int_{V(t)}\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}+\nabla\cdot(f\bf{u})\right)dxdydz.$

The proof given in your text use the Jacobian and that is all you need.

In your case you have to prove that

$\frac{d}{dt}\int_V \rho \mathbf{u} dV=\int_V \rho \frac{D\mathbf{u} }{Dt}dV$

but the volume is dependent on time so you will write

\frac{d}{dt}\int_{V(t)} \rho \mathbf{u} dV=\int_{V(0)} \frac{D}{Dt}(J\rho \mathbf{u}) dV'

being $J$ the Jacobian. One has the identity

$\frac{DJ}{Dt}=J\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}$

and so

\int_{V(0)} \left(\frac{D}{Dt}(\rho \mathbf{u})+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}\rho \mathbf{u}\right)J dV'.

Now

$\int_{V(t)} \left(\frac{D}{Dt}(\rho \mathbf{u})+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}\rho \mathbf{u}\right)dV=\int_{V(t)} \left(\frac{D\rho}{Dt}\mathbf{u}+\rho\frac{\partial\mathbf{u}}{\partial t}+\rho\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla\mathbf{u}+\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}\rho \mathbf{u}\right)dV.\qquad (\dagger)$

Using continuity equation

$\frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\nabla\cdot{(\rho\mathbf{u})}=0.$

you will have

$\frac{D\rho}{Dt}=\frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla\rho=\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla\rho-\nabla\cdot(\rho\mathbf{u})=-\rho\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}.$

Putting this into eq.($\dagger$) you get your result.

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    @LHS: You are welcome.2012-03-20