∑ = ( { a, b, c, d }, { f¹ }, { P², Q¹ } ) U = { ♡, ♢, ♣, ♤ } { a -> ♤, b -> ♡, c -> ♣, d -> ♤ }, f∑ = { f¹ -> { ♤ -> ♣, ♣ -> ♤, ♡ -> ♢, ♢ -> ♡ } }, { P² -> { (♡, ♣), (♡, ♤), (♢, ♣), (♢, ♤) }, Q¹ = { ♢, ♡ } }
∀x.Q(x) -> Q(a)
is it true or false? I've been told that it is true
, but
Q(b) -> Q(a) T -> F -- should be false, right?
Am I missing something here?
It is written exactly as ∀x.Q(x) -> Q(a)
, no extra parenthesis or anything...