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For a continuos random variable $X$, if we have its p.d.f. $f(x)$, then the cumulative densitity function (c.d.f.) of $X$, $F(x)$, is

$F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{x}f(t)dt$ We also have $F'(x) = \frac{d}{dx}F(x)= f(x)$

Why does the last step in the following equation yields $f(x)$?

$\frac{d}{dx}F(x) = \frac{d}{dx} \int_{-\infty}^{x}f(t)dt = \int_{-\infty}^{x} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} f(t)dt $

5 Answers 5

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This is just the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

A PDF (of a univariate distribution) is a function defined such that it is 1.) everywhere non-negative and 2.) integrates to 1 over $\Bbb R$.

If we define $F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f(t)\ dt$, then the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives you the desired result.

This function, $F(x)$, is called the "cumulative distribution function," or CDF. It is defined in this manner, so the relationship between CDF and PDF is not coincidental -- it is by design.

Note that your last step is incorrect -- $x$ is the independent variable of the derivative there, and it is also the upper limit of the integral (so the resulting integral will be a function in terms of $x$). You can't move the $d/dx$ inside the integral.

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You can see this by differentiating under the integral sign, which follows from the fundamental theorem of calculus:

$ \frac{d}{dx} F(x) =\lim_{c\to-\infty} \frac{d}{dx} \int^{x}_{c} f(t) dt = f(x).1 -\lim_{c\to-\infty} f(c).\frac{dc}{dx} + \lim_{c\to-\infty}\int^{x}_{c} \frac{d}{dx} f(t) dt $

Since $c\to-\infty$ is a constant, the second term disappears, and since $f$ is a function of $t$, $\frac{d}{dx} f(t)$ also disappears.

  • 1
    The author used the [Leibniz rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_integral_rule#Formal_statement) in the last equals sign.2016-07-11
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Since the accepted answer doesn't explicitly write out the proof, and considering that the other derivation uses Leibniz's rule, here's the answer in an explicit form: $F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{x}{f(t)dt}$ From the fundamental theorem of calculus, if $P(x)$ is the indefinite integral of $f(x)$ : $f(x) = \frac{dP}{dx}(x)$, then $P(b) - P(a) = \int_{a}^{b}{f(t)dt}$. Then $F(x) = P(x) - \lim_{a \to -\infty}P(a)$. $\frac{dF}{dx}(x) = \frac{d}{dx}[P(x) - \lim_{a \to -\infty}P(a)] = \frac{dP}{dx}(x) = f(x) $

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus read the 1st part of proof, then you can understand but you are assumed to know mean value theorem and squezee theorem. hope it helps.