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The following is a theorem of which I have great interest in but cannot find anything about on the internet,

Every 3-manifold of finite volume comes from identifying sides of some polyhedron

I'm fairly certain that "identifying sides of some polyhedron" may be a simplification of the technical terminology. I believe it is just referring to gluing faces of polyhedron to form closed 3-manifolds. Such examples are given by the Seifert-Weber space, the Poincare homology sphere, the 3-dimensional real projective space, the $\frac{1}{2}$ twist cube space, etc. I'm assuming the proof is based off of Moise's theorem and proceeds as follows,

Let $M$ be an arbitrary closed 3-manifold. By Moise's theorem we have that $M$ can be tetrahedralized, so we let $T$ be the tetrahedralization of $M$ consisting of tetrahedrons $t_{1},...,t_{n}$. Pick an arbitrary tetrahedra $t_{1}$ of $T$ and proceed to glue $t_{2}$ to $t_{1}$, forming a new polyhedron $P_{2}$, and then glue $t_{3}$ to $P_{2}$ resulting in $P_{3}$, and so on. After all tetrahedra $t_{1},...,t_{n}$ have been glued, we have some resulting polyhedron $P_{n}$. From here, then somehow show that $P_{n}$ can be glued to $M$?

Any references to papers, expository writing, a proof of, or even the formal statement and name of this theorem would be greatly appreciated!

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    http://mathoverflow.net/questions/85956/3-manifold-theorem-reference-request-or-proof2012-01-18

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This question has been asked and answered on MathOverflow. I have replicated the accepted answer by Scott Carter below.

I think the reference that you are looking for is this article by Cannon, Floyd, and Parry.