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Does a (connected?) projective (or just complete?) variety over a finite field have cardinality congruent to 1 mod the size of the field?

Do (connected?) affine varieties have cardinality a power of the size of the field?

I think the answers to these questions are supposed to be yes, but I suspect some sort of better formulation of the question (missing hypotheses perhaps) is needed. Maybe there needs to be some mention of rational points over an algebraic closure. Feel free to fill such things in.

It would be nice if there was any sort of converse, like "if a variety is connected and has cardinality 1 mod |K|, then it is complete", but I'm less sure something like this exists.

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    Looks like the affine statement is pretty wrong, and the projective one needs a load of hypotheses. Connected and has an algebraic cell decomposition looks good for now.2012-06-22

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Nope. The general case is very far from the case of projective and affine space. Already this is false for elliptic curves; in general we only have the Hasse bound $q + 1 - 2 \sqrt{q} \le |E(\mathbb{F}_q)| \le q + 1 + 2 \sqrt{q}$

and neither lower nor upper bound can be improved conditional on the Sato-Tate conjecture. See also the Weil conjectures.

In the affine case a simple counterexample is the variety $xy = 1$, which has cardinality $q - 1$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$.

In the projective case, any curve of genus $0$ with at least one point over $\mathbb{F}_q$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{P}^1$ and hence has $q + 1$ points over $\mathbb{F}_q$, but it may happen that it has no such points, e.g. take the projective closure of $x^4 + y^4 = -1$ over $\mathbb{F}_5$.

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    let us [continue this discussion in chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/3849/discussion-between-jack-schmidt-and-qiaochu-yuan)2012-06-22