Let $A$ be a ring and let $G$ be a finite group with a morphism $G\to \mathrm{Aut}(A)$. Note that $G$ acts from the right on $X=\mathrm{Spec} A$. Consider the morphism $\pi:X\longrightarrow Y$, with $Y=\mathrm{Spec} A^G$, induced by the injection $A^G \subset A$.
Using that the category of affine schemes is (anti-)-equivalent to the category of rings, it is easy to see that $\pi:X\longrightarrow Y$ is the quotient for the action of $G$ in the category of affine schemes: every $G$-invariant morphism $f:X\to Z$ with $Z$ affine factors uniquely through $\pi$. In fact, this can be easily deduced from the following obvious statement: any ring morphism $\varphi:R\to A$ such that for all $g$ in $G$ we have $g\varphi = \varphi$ factors uniquely through $A^G$.
So as you know, $\pi:X\to Y$ is the quotient for the action of $G$ in the category of schemes. But it's actually even better than that! The morphism $\pi:X\to Y$ is the quotient for the action of $G$ in the category of locally ringed spaces. Let me sketch how you can prove this.
Firstly, show that $\pi:X\to Y$ is the set-theoretical quotient map, i.e., $\pi$ induces a bijection between the $G$-orbits of $X$ and $Y$. This is the hard part. For example, given a prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}$ in $B=A^G$, you will need to show that $B_{\mathfrak{p}} = (A_{\mathfrak{p}})^G$. (The natural map $B_{\mathfrak{p}} \to A_{\mathfrak{p}}$ factors uniquely through a map $B_{\mathfrak{p}} \to (A_{\mathfrak{p}})^G$. It suffices to show that this map is surjective. Use the definition of the stalk and write it out.) Also, to conclude, suppose that we have two distinct orbits $x_1 G$ and $x_2 G$ of primes lying over $\mathfrak{p}$. Then, applying the Chinese remainder theorem, you will that this is impossible.
So suppose that we have shown that $\pi:X\to Y$ is the set-theoretical quotient map. Then, it is easy to see that $Y$ has the quotient topology. In fact, $\pi$ is continuous and closed.
Now, to finish, you look at the natural morphism of sheaves $ \mathcal{O}_Y\to (\pi_ast \mathcal{O}_X)^G$. This is an isomorphism. (You can check this is on the principal opens $D(b)$ of $Y$, with $b\in B$. But then this boils down to showing that $B_{b} \to (A_b)^G$ is an isomorphism. We already showed this above.)
So this is a really rough sketch of how I recall the proof. Let me know if you need some more details.