I played around with this for a while, but didn't find a complete answer. Anyway, here's some partial information, in case that's of any help.
The substitution $t=\tan(u/2)$ turns your integral into $\int_0^\infty e^{-z^2 t^2} \cos(4 m \arctan t) \frac{2 dt}{1+t^2}.$ Since $\exp(i \arctan t) = \frac{1+it}{\sqrt{1+t^2}}$, this can be written as $\Re \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-z^2 t^2} \frac{(1+it)^{4m}}{(1+t^2)^{2m+1}} dt = \sum_{k=0}^{2m} \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-z^2 t^2} \frac{\binom{4m}{2k}(-1)^k t^{2k}}{(1+t^2)^{2m+1}} dt.$ By writing $t^{2k} = ((t^2+1)-1)^k$ and expanding using the binomial theorem, this integral can be reduced to a sum of integrals of the form $ J_n(z) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-z^2 t^2} \frac{1}{(1+t^2)^n} dt.$ We have $J_0(z) = \sqrt{\pi}/z$ right away, and also $J_1(z) = \pi \exp(z^2) \mathrm{erfc}(z)$; the latter equality follows since both sides satisfy the differential equation $(d/dz)(\exp(-z^2) f(z)) = -2 \sqrt{\pi} \exp(-z^2)$, and both sides agree at $z=0$. Moreover, the following two-term recursion relation holds: $ (2m-2) J_m(z) - (2m-3-2z^2) J_{m-1}(z) - 2z^2 J_{m-2}(z) = 0.$ Proof: Verify by direct calculation that left-hand side is the integral of $\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \frac{t \exp(-t^2 z^2)}{(1+t^2)^{(m-1)}} \right)$.
From this it follows that each $J_n$ is a linear combination of $J_0$ and $J_1$ with coefficients that are polynomials in $z^2$, and this also implies that the pattern that you've observed really is correct, but it seems tricky to get a nice explicit form for those polynomials...