Using congruences, show that the following is always an integer for every integer value of $n$: $\frac{1}{5}n^5 + \frac{1}{3}n^3 + \frac{7}{15}n.$
Using congruences, show $\frac{1}{5}n^5 + \frac{1}{3}n^3 + \frac{7}{15}n$ is integer for every $n$
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5Please do$n$'t state your questions as orders or assignments to the group. If you have a question, ask it like a question, not like an order. – 2011-02-11
3 Answers
Lets show that $P(n)=3n^5+5n^3+7n$ is divisible by 15 for every $n$. To do this, we will show that it is divisible by $3$ and $5$ for every $n$.
Recall that for a prime $p$, $x^p\equiv x \pmod{p}$. (Fermat's Little Theorem) Then, looking modulo 5 we see that $P(n)\equiv 3n^5+7n\equiv 3n+7n=10n\equiv 0.$ Now looking modulo 3 we see that $P(n)\equiv 5n^3+7n\equiv 5n+7n=12n\equiv 0.$ Thus $P(n)$ is divisible by 15 for every $n$ as desired.
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0@BillDubuque oh !!I was too focused at that statement that I forgot to see the post's $P(n)$ – 2012-06-17
HINT $\displaystyle\rm\quad \frac{n^5}5\: +\: \frac{n^3}3\: +\: \frac{7\:n}{15}\ =\ \frac{n^5-n}5\: +\: \frac{n^3-n}3\: +\: n\ \in \mathbb Z\ $ by Fermat's Little Theorem.
Taking the lcm we have $\displaystyle \frac{1}{15} \cdot \Bigl[ 3n^{5}+5n^{3} + 7n\Bigr]$ Now show that the quantity $3n^{5} + 5n^{3}+7n$ is always divisible by $15$. Induction may be useful.
Clearly for $n=1$, $3+5+7=15$ is divisible by $15$. Assume that it is true for $n=k$. That is assume that $3k^{5}+5k^{3}+7k$ is divisible by $15$. Use this to show that the quantity
\begin{align*} 3(k+1)^{5}+5(k+1)^{3}+7(k+1) &= 3 \Bigl[k^{5} + {5 \choose 1}k^{4} + \cdots +1\Bigr] + 5(k+1)^{3}+ 7(k+1) \end{align*}
is divisible by $15$.
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3An alternate version of this proof is to show that $3(n+1)^5 + 5(n+1)^3 + 7(n+1) - (3n^5+5n^3+7n)$ is always divisible by 15. As it turns out, this is trivial since once you expand the polynomial out all the coefficients are divisible by 15. – 2011-02-11