Your derivation is incorrect (you've got a wrong sign). I'll use f' instead of $f_x$ (too many $x$'s around...)
We have: f' - \frac{f}{x} = \frac{d}{dx}\frac{f}{x}. If $f=0$, we get a solution. So assume that $f$ is not always $0$. Then the above equation is equivalent to \begin{align*} f' - \frac{f}{x} &= \frac{xf' - f}{x^2}\\ x^2f' - xf &= xf' - f\\ x^2f' - xf' &= xf - f\\ (x^2-x)f' &= (x-1)f\\ \frac{f'}{f} &= \frac{x-1}{x^2-x} = \frac{x-1}{x(x-1)} = \frac{1}{x}. \end{align*} (you can see that you had $x+1$ instead of $x-1$).
Now, integrating we have: $\begin{align*} \ln|f| &= \ln|x|+C\\ |f| &= Ax &&A\gt 0\\ f(x) &= Bx &&B\neq 0. \end{align*}$ Adding in $B=0$ we get that the solutions are $f(x)=Cx$, with $C$ a constant. Indeed, notice that if $f(x) = Cx$, then f'-\frac{f}{x} = C - C = 0, and $\frac{d}{dx}\frac{f}{x} = \frac{d}{dx}C = 0,$ so they all satisfy your desired equation.
(If you actually had \frac{f'}{f} = \frac{x+1}{x^2-x}, then this can be solved by integration as well: $\begin{align*} \ln|f| &= \int\frac{x+1}{x^2-x}\,dx\\ &= \int\left(\frac{-1}{x} + \frac{2}{x-1}\right)\,dx\\ &= -\ln|x| + 2\ln|x-1| + C\\ &= \ln\left|\frac{(x-1)^2}{x}\right| + C, \end{align*}$ and from this you can likewise obtain a formula for $f$.)