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This is the problem: (1-x^2 ) y''-2xy'+2y=x-x^3,\qquad y(2)=0,\qquad y(4)=1.

So by inspection I know one of the solutions for the homogenous is $y_1 = x$. Now, to find the other solution I used the following equations:

$ U = \frac{1}{y_1^2}e^{-\int p dx} $

$ y_2 = y_1 \int_{} U dx $

Where $ y_1=x $ and $\displaystyle p= \frac{-2x}{1-x^2} $

And the result I found is:

$ y_2 = 1+ \frac{x}{2} \ln(1-x)-\frac{x}{2} \ln(1+x) $

It works very well... except it will not work for $x>1$ and the initial values I have are $y(2)=0$ and $y(4)=1$. Now, I just checked that this solution works too: $ y_2 = 1+ \frac{x}{2} \ln(x-1)-\frac{x}{2} \ln(1+x) $ and it's actually the solution I need. The problem is I don't know how to get that solution. I mean, I don't want to say "so here you just change $ \displaystyle \frac{x}{2} \ln(1-x)$ for $\displaystyle \frac{x}{2} \ln(x-1) $ and you have it!".

Well, that's all. I know how to do the rest.

1 Answers 1

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You seem to have forgotten that $\int\frac{1}{u}\,du = \ln|u| +C$ rather than $\int\frac{1}{u}\,du = \ln u + C.$ That is, you forgot the absolute value in the integral.

Indeed, you have to do $\int\frac{-2x}{1-x^2}\,dx.$ I suspect you did the change of variable $u=1-x^2$, with $du = -2x\,dx$, so that you get $\int\frac{-2x}{1-x^2}\,dx = \int\frac{du}{u} = \ln|u|+C = \ln|1-x^2|+C = \ln|x^2-1| + C$ and proceeded from there, forgetting the absolute value.

Once you put the absolute value in, I think (if I didn't make a mistake myself) you'll find that the solution should actually be $y_2 = 1 + \frac{x}{2}\ln|1-x| - \frac{x}{2}\ln|1+x|$ and so in the interval you are interested in, $|1-x| = x-1$, while on the interval $(-1,1)$, you get $|1-x|=1-x$. You'll find that the solution on the interval $(-\infty,-1)$ is given by $1 + \frac{x}{2}\ln(1-x) - \frac{x}{2}\ln(-(x+1))$ as well.