In this post, I am quoting the solution to a related question from Artin, with the preceding explanation (Section 11.4, p. 337-338). This is really the same as Greg Graviton's answer, but I found the different point of view and the elaborate explanation very useful. (The impatient may skip to Example 11.4.5 directly.)
Adding Relations
We reinterpret the quotient ring construction when the ideal $I$ is principal, say $I = (a)$. In this situation, we think of $\overline R = R / I$ as the ring obtained by imposing the relation $a = 0$ on $R$, or by killing the element $a$. For instance, the field $\mathbb F_7$ will be thought of as the ring obtained by killing $7$ in the ring $\mathbb Z$ of integers.
Let's examine the collapsing that takes place in the map $\pi: R \to \overline R$. Its kernel is the ideal $I$, so $a$ is in the kernel: $\pi(a) = 0$. If $b$ is any element of $R$, the elements that have the same image in $\overline R$ as $b$ are those in the coset $b + I$ and since $I = (a)$ those elements have the form $b+ra$. We see that imposing the relation $a =0$ in the ring $R$ forces us to set $b = b + ra$ for all $b$ and all $r$ in $R$, and that these are the only consequences of killing $a$.
Any number of relations $a_1 = 0, \ldots, a_n = 0$ can be introduced, by working modulo the ideal $I$ generated by $a_1, \ldots, a_n$, the set of linear combinations $r_1 a_1 + \cdots + r_n a_n$, with coefficients $r_i$ in $R$. The quotient ring $\overline R = R/I$ is viewed as the ring obtained by killing the $n$ elements. Two elements $b$ and $b'$ of $R$ have the same image in $\overline R$ if and only if $b'$ has the form $b + r_1 a_1 + \cdots +r_n a_n$ with $r_i$ in $R$.
The more relations we add, the more collapsing takes place in the map $\pi$. If we add relations carelessly, the worst that can happen is that we may end up with $I = R$ and $\overline R = 0$. All relations $a = 0$ become true when we collapse $R$ to the zero ring.
Here the Correspondence Theorem asserts something that is intuitively clear: Introducing relations one at a time or all together leads to isomorphic results. To spell this out, let $a$ and $b$ be elements of a ring $R$, and let $\overline R = R / (a)$ be the result of killing $a$ in $R$. Let $\overline b$ be the residue of $b$ in $\overline R$. The Correspondence Theorem tells us that the principal ideal $(\overline b)$ of $\overline R$ corresponds to the ideal $(a,b)$ of $R$, and that $R/(a,b)$ is isomorphic to $\overline R / (\overline b)$. Killing $a$ and $b$ in $R$ at the same time gives the same result as killing $\overline b$ in the ring $\overline R$ that is obtained by killing $a$ first.
Example 11.4.5. We ask to identify the quotient ring $\overline R = \mathbb Z[i]/(i-2)$, the ring obtained from the Gauss integers by introducing the relation $i-2=0$. Instead of analyzing this directly, we note that the kernel of the map $\mathbb Z[x] \to \mathbb Z[i]$ sending $x \mapsto i$ is the principal ideal of $\mathbb Z[x]$ generated by $f = x^2 + 1$. The First Isomorphism Theorem tells us that $\mathbb Z[x]/(f) \approx \mathbb Z[i]$. The image of $g = x-2$ is $i-2$, so $\overline R$ can also be obtained by introducing the two relations $f = 0$ and $g = 0$ into the integer polynomial ring. Let $I = (f,g)$ be the ideal of $\mathbb Z[x]$ generated by the two polynomials $f$ and $g$. Then $\overline R =\mathbb Z[x]/I$.
To form $\overline R$, we may introduce the two relations in the opposite order, first killing $g$ and then $f$. The principal ideal $(g)$ of $\mathbb Z[x]$ is the kernel of the homomorphism $\mathbb Z[x] \to \mathbb Z$ that sends $x \mapsto 2$. So when we kill $x-2$ in $\mathbb Z[x]$, we obtain a ring isomorphic to $\mathbb Z$, in which the residue of $x$ is $2$. Then the residue of $f = x^2+1$ becomes $5$. So we can also obtain $\overline R$ by killing $5$ in $\mathbb Z$, and therefore $\overline R \approx \mathbb F_5$.