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I was trying to show $\sum_{n \le x} \frac{d(n)}{n} = \frac{1}{2}\log(x)^2 + 2\gamma \log(x) + O(1)$ where $d(n)$ is the number of divisors of $n$ and $\gamma$ is the Euler constant using the identity $\sum_{n \le x}(f * g)(n) = \sum_{n \le x} f(n) G\left(\frac{x}{n}\right)$ where $G(x) = \sum_{n \le x} g(x)$.

Edit I was using the wrong $f$,$g$ before. Here it is with different $f$,$g$.

For $f(n) = \frac{1}{n}$ and $g(n) = \frac{1}{n}$ this gives $\sum_{n \le x}\frac{d(n)}{n} = \sum_{a \le x} \sum_{b \le x/a}\frac{1}{ab}=\sum_{a \le x}\frac{1}{a}\left(\log(x/n) + \gamma + O(\frac{n}{x})\right)$ since $G(x) = \sum_{n \le x} \frac{1}{n} = \log(x) + \gamma + O(\frac{1}{x})$ by Euler's summation formula. Then apply Euler's summation formula again to get $- \frac{1}{2} \log(x/a)^2 + \gamma \log(x) + O(x^2)$ but this is still wrong.

I can't see at all what I am doing wrong here so it's probably really simple, I would really appreciate if someone could show how to do this or what I've done wrong. Thanks a lot.

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    /Tom M. Apostol/Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Volume 1/Chapter 3/Exercise 22014-07-02

2 Answers 2

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Let's start at $ \sum_{n \leq x} \frac{d(n)}{n} = \sum_{n \leq x} \frac{1}{n} \left( \log \left( \frac{x}{n} \right) + \gamma + O\left( \frac{n}{x}\right) \right).$ Proceeding, $ \begin{eqnarray*} & = & \sum_{n \leq x} \left( \frac{1}{n}(\log x + \gamma) - \frac{\log n}{n} + O\left( \frac{1}{x}\right) \right) \\ & = & (\log x + \gamma)(\log x + \gamma + O(1/x)) + O(1) - \sum_{n \leq x} \frac{\log n}{n} \\ & = & \log^2 x + 2\gamma \log x + O(1) - \sum_{n \leq x} \frac{\log n}{n}. \end{eqnarray*}$ Since $f(x) = \log x / x$ is decreasing for large $x$, we may write $ \sum_{n \leq x} \frac{\log n}{n} = \int_{1}^{x} \frac{\log u}{u} \, du + O(1) = \frac{1}{2}\log^2 x + O(1), $ which completes the calculation.

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I don't think $f*g$ is actually $d(n)/n$ in your case. What might help would be to write

$\sum_{n \le x} \frac{d(n)}{n} = \sum_{n \le x} \sum_{a \, b = n} \frac{1}{n} = \sum_{a \, b \le x} \frac{1}{ab}$

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    This is the right way, we can actually show that the error term is $O(\log x/\sqrt{x})$.2016-04-12