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I call $(s, r)$ such that $r\circ s =\operatorname{id}$ a split morphism. (Other names are “section-retraction pair”, “split pair.”) Notice that this is not a section, because any section is one morphism. I want to make sure that no official name exists thus I can invent it myself. Do you know the name?

The same question about isomorphisms. “Isomorphism pair”, “isomorphic pair”?

The distinction may be quite apparent. Every split morphism is a categorical diagram whereas a section is not.

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    @user18921: No. I leave it to you.2014-02-14

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Very late answer...

According to Borceux-Bourn [*] this is a "point" (if you assume categories are named after their objects in some sense).

The points in a category $\mathcal A$ together with pairs of morphisms making the obvious diagrams commute form a category $\mathsf{Pt}(\mathcal A)$, the category of points of $\mathcal A$. Assuming $\mathcal A$ has pullbacks along split epis, the "codomain functor" $\mathsf{Pt}(\mathcal A)\to \mathcal A$ is called the fibration of points (it is a fibration in this case). The fibration of points is useful to classify various notions between (let's say) $\mathcal A$ being Mal'cev and $\mathcal A$ being essentially affine (Abelian minus [pointed & has cokernels]).

I suppose the name "point" comes from the fact that the fiber $\mathsf{Pt}_A$ of the codomain functor over $A$ is (essentially) the category of pointed objects of the slice category $\mathcal A \downarrow A$. The category of pointed objects of a category $\mathcal B$ with a terminal object $\mathbf{1}$ is the coslice category $\mathsf{1} \downarrow \mathcal B$, which is, you guessed it, pointed.

[*] F. Borceux, D. Bourn - "Mal’cev, protomodular, homological and semi-abelian categories"