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A simple method for evaluating a product is term cancellation. For example, the product

$\begin{align*} \prod_{k=2}^{n}\left(1-\frac{1}{k}\right)&=\prod_{k=2}^{n}\left(\frac{k-1}{k}\right)\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{3}{4}\cdots\frac{n-1}{n} = \frac{1}{n} \end{align*}$

is done via a telescoping argument. However, if we take a product that is just a bit more complicated, say

$\prod_{k=1}^{n}\left(1 - \frac{1}{ak}\right)$

for some $0,1 \neq a \in \mathbb{R}$, the argument immediately breaks down. I am interested in whether there exists a closed form solution for the general product given above.

This question is in part inspired by my attempt to prove the asymptotic bound here.

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    @MichaelHardy Maybe expand is a better choice? I am not a native English speaker though.2011-12-20

2 Answers 2

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$ \prod_{k=1}^{n}\left(1 - \frac{1}{ak}\right)=\frac{\Gamma(n+1-\frac1a)}{\Gamma(1-\frac1a)\Gamma(n+1)}=\frac1{n\mathrm B(n,1-\frac1a)} $

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$\prod_{k=1}^n\left(1 - \frac1{ak}\right)=\frac{\prod\limits_{k=1}^n \left(k-\frac1{a}\right)}{n!}=\frac{\prod\limits_{k=0}^{n-1} \left(-\frac1{a}+k+1\right)}{n!}=\frac{\left(1-\frac1{a}\right)_n}{n!}$

where $(a)_n=\prod\limits_{j=0}^{n-1}(a+j)=\frac{\Gamma(a+n)}{\Gamma(a)}$ is the Pochhammer symbol. (Essentially, the second expression in @Did's answer.)