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What is the name of the point(s) in a polygon, calculated by "shrinking" the polygon until there's no surface left?

Example (the light areas):

Example

Also, of possible, it would be cool to have an algorithm to calculate this in a reasonable time, given the coordinates of the edges.

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    This is known as the "Medial Axis Transform (MAT)" in computer science. You can try searching for this to get more information on the algorithm.2011-04-06

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It's the medial axis. See also the straight skeleton.

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    @Attila, see also http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4279478/maximum-circle-inside-a-non-convex-polygon2011-04-06