According to Wikipedia, "there is no agreement in the literature on the proper definition of positive-definite for non-Hermitian matrices.". If we merely require $\Re(x^*Ax)\gt0$, your statement doesn't hold, since $B=I$ and $A=Q$ a two-dimensional rotation matrix with small rotation angle would be a counterexample. So I'll assume that for $M$ to be positive-definite you're requiring $x^*Mx$ to be always real and positive, which implies that $M$ is Hermitian.
So $A$ and $B$ are Hermitian. As a unitary matrix, $Q$ is diagonalized by a unitary matrix $U$. Transforming $A$ and $B$ by $U$ still leaves them Hermitian, and the transformed matrices satisfy A'=B'Q', with Q' diagonal and unitary. Since A' and B' are positive definite, their diagonal elements are positive. But their ratios are the diagonal elements of Q', so Q', and hence $Q$, has to be the unit matrix.