The Diophantine equation $a^2 = 2 b^2$ having no solutions is the same as $\sqrt{2}$ being irrational.
Are there any Diophantine equations which are related to the irrationality of a number that is not algebraic?
For a similar question with broader scope, the Diophantine equation $x^n + y^n = z^n$ implies a certain elliptic curves is "ir"-modular.
Are there more examples of this phenomenon?